Hate Speech in Lebanon: The Shortcomings and Responsibilities of Social Media Platforms

This research, led by Fair Tech, for the Samir Kassir Foundation project evaluates the hate speech policies of four social media platforms: Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and TikTok, as implemented in Lebanon, using a selection of Ranking Digital Rights’ human rights-based indicators. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube are owned respectively by U.S. technology companies Meta Platforms Inc. (known as Meta), X Corp., and Google LLC, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. TikTok is owned by the Chinese technology company ByteDance. It focuses on hate speech policies applied to both user-generated and advertising content, shedding light on the policies’ potential effectiveness, transparency, user-friendliness, fairness, and respect for freedom of expression and the right to non-discrimination. We also sought to document any significant disparities in policies’ availability in Arabic and English.